Policies on irregular migration

Results displayed in this section refer to research on policies, laws, legislation, regulation or measures concerning the management of irregular migration. Irregular migration is the movement of people that takes place outside the regulatory norms of the sending, transit and receiving countries. This irregularity can be linked to the mode of entry – or entry without the necessary documentation or authorization – or to the irregular stay in the country (e.g. overstay after expiration of a visa). Other synonymous terms are ‘illegal’, sans papiers, clandestine, unauthorized or undocumented migration or migrant. Irregular migration is linked to the phenomenon of migrant smuggling. 

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Reducing Irregular Migration from China

Authors James K. Chin
Year 2003
Journal Name International Migration
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3 Journal Article

Dimensions and dynamics of irregular migration

Authors Khalid Koser
Year 2009
Journal Name Population, Space and Place
Citations (WoS) 53
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5 Journal Article

5. Irregular migration

Authors Khalid Koser
Year 2016
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6 Book

Simulating a Multi-agency Approach for the Protection of Trafficked Persons in Migration and Displacement Settings

Authors Sarah Elliott, Megan Denise Smith
Year 2020
Journal Name Journal of Human Trafficking
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9 Journal Article

Prostitution - An endless history?

Authors Mileno Chimienti
Year 2008
Journal Name SOCIETES
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11 Journal Article

Can we put an end to human smuggling?

Authors Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Year 2015
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15 Policy Brief

Irregular Migration and Human Rights: Theoretical, European and International Perspectives

Authors Ryszard Cholewinski, Barbara Bogusz, Adam Cygan, ...
Year 2018
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19 Book

The Politics of Irregular Migration, Human Trafficking and People Smuggling in the United Kingdom

Authors Andrew Geddes
Year 2018
Book Title Immigration and Criminal Law in the European Union
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21 Book Chapter

Impact of visa liberalisation on countries of destination

Authors European Migration Network
Description
. The main direct impacts of visa liberalisation included an immediate increase in shortterm travel to the countries of destination from visa-free countries and an immediate reduction in the workload of consulate staff. The new visa-free regime also led to an increase in border control activities by EU Member States and Norway to avoid the misuse of visa liberalisation. 2. One of the main indirect impacts of visa liberalisation related to the facilitation of access to the labour market in specific Member States. Following visa liberalisation, which has made it easier for third-country nationals to travel to the EU and Norway to explore employment opportunities, there has been an increase in the number of residence permits issued to nationals of the eight visa-free countries (mostly for remunerated activities). Another indirect impact relates to higher levels of cooperation during return and readmission procedures with visa-free countries. 3. Following visa liberalisation, there has been an overall increase in the number of asylum applicants from visa-free countries, most of which have received a negative decision. Some of the measures adopted by Member States to cope with the high number of asylum applications included the designation of visa-free countries as safe countries of origin (allowing an accelerated asylum procedure), information campaigns and cooperation with the national authorities of visa-free countries. 4. There has been an increase in the number of nationals from visa-free countries detected as overstaying their maximum period allowed after visa liberalisation and 12 Member States reported this as a challenge. However, it was not possible to establish a clear link between visa liberalisation, irregular stay and overstay and less than half of the Member States implemented any specific measures to combat this phenomenon. 5. Most Member States did not report any specific challenges in the area of illegal employment after visa liberalisation was introduced. Only a few Member States adopted measures specifically targeting nationals from visa-free countries. 6. There was little evidence of a link between visa liberalisation and the facilitation of irregular migration. Several Member States adopted additional or new measures to counter the activities of facilitators after visa liberalisation, including reinforcing bilateral cooperation, strengthening penalties for facilitation of irregular migration and setting up joint police investigations. Similarly, available data cannot establish a clear link between visa liberalisation and any increases in smuggling and trafficking in human beings. 7. After visa liberalisation was introduced, several Member States observed an increase in criminal activities. All eight visa-free countries were asked to reinforce their actions to fight against such activities, particularly against organised crime groups. This phenomenon is closely monitored and failure to cooperate with EU Member States and Norway in this area could lead to the suspension of the visa-free travel to nationals from the eight countries subject of this study.
Year 2019
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22 Report

Migration from Central and Eastern Europe to Turkey

Authors Tuğba Acar, Deniz Karcı Korfalı
Book Title Between Mobility and Migration
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25 Book Chapter

Critical Perspectives on Clandestine Migration Facilitation: An Overview of Migrant Smuggling Research

Authors Gabriella Sanchez
Year 2017
Journal Name Journal on Migration and Human Security
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27 Journal Article

The Colours of Exploitation: Smuggling of Rohingyas from Myanmar to Malaysia

Authors Andika Ab. Wahab
Year 2018
Journal Name AKADEMIKA
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28 Journal Article

Towards a Theory of Illegal Migration: historical and structural components

Authors Martin Baldwin-Edwards
Year 2008
Journal Name Third World Quarterly
Citations (WoS) 17
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30 Journal Article

Femmes et migrations en Tunisie

Authors Hassan BOUBAKRI
Description
Ce texte propose une analyse de la place et du rôle des femmes dans les différents flux migratoires de, vers et à travers la Tunisie. Dans cette perspective, l’accent est mis sur deux sujets particuliers : tout d’abord, l’évolution démographique et socioprofessionnelle des Tunisiens de l’étranger, notamment les migrations familiales ; puis, les conditions de vie des migrants subsahariens en Tunisie, en particulier les migrations irrégulières et la traite. En conclusion, nous insistons sur la nécessité de disposer et de diffuser des données et des informations sur le genre et la migration afin de favoriser la gouvernance des migrations. / This text analyzes the place and the role of women within the various migration movements from, to and through Tunisia. In such a perspective, it insists on two particular issues : first, the demographic and socio-professional evolution of the Tunisian abroad, mainly through the study of family migration ; second, the living conditions of the sub-Saharan migrants in Tunisia, especially irregular migration and human trafficking. To conclude, we insist on the necessary access to and diffusion of data’s and information’s dealing with Gender and Migration in order to support the governance of migration.
Year 2011
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32 Report

The migration policy of the European Union in the Central Mediterranean, from securitisation to the promotion of sustainable development

Authors Carlos Hildebrando Fonseca Zarate, Javier Ignacio Nino Cubillos
Year 2024
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37 Journal Article

Trapped and with no way out: criminal exploitation of undocumented Venezuelan migrant children and adolescents in Colombia

Authors Nicolasa Duran Palacio, Katy Millan Otero
Year 2021
Citations (WoS) 2
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38 Journal Article

What are the protection concerns for migrants and refugees in Libya?

Authors Claire Healy, Roberto Forin
Year 2017
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41 Policy Brief

Voices of Nigerian Women Survivors of Trafficking Held in Italian Centres for Identification and Expulsion

Authors Francesca Esposito, Carla R. Quinto, Francesca De Masi, ...
Year 2016
Journal Name International Migration
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43 Journal Article

Human trafficking, information campaigns, and strategies of migration control

Authors Celine Nieuwenhuys, Antoine Pecoud
Year 2007
Journal Name American Behavioral Scientist
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45 Journal Article

Demand in the context of trafficking in human beings in the domestic work sector in Belgium

Authors Beatriz CAMARGO MAGALHÃES
Description
Belgian anti-THB policy is often pointed as exemplary given its broad definition of the crime of trafficking for labour exploitation, as being the work or service carried out in conditions contrary to human dignity, in which the coercion element is not compulsory. However, hardly any policy initiatives in Belgium tackle specifically demand-side aspects in labour exploitation and THB in the domestic work sector. Recent policy changes in the domain of domestic work at diplomatic households and the formalisation of live-out domestic work with a service voucher policy have positive effects on the sector. Undocumented domestic workers in the shadow market and possibly regular migrants under temporary work permits are, though, still largely unprotected. The main obstacles to prevent exploitative situations within the sector are the migration and employment policies applying to domestic work. Indeed, this paper argues that when migrant workers are without the possibility to regularise their migration status maintain them in a vulnerable situation: migration status is a key issue for giving people the real possibility to access and defend their rights. Only the full respect of (all) workers’ rights will reduce their vulnerability to labour exploitation and trafficking.
Year 2016
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47 Report

EU mobility partnerships: a smart instrument for the externalization of migration control

Authors Stefan Brocza, Katharina Paulhart
Year 2015
Journal Name European Journal of Futures Research
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48 Journal Article

Migrant Smuggling: Irregular Migration from Asia and Africa to Europe

Authors Anna Triandafyllidou, Thanos Maroukis
Year 2012
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49 Book

Invisible Lives: Gender, Dispossession, and Precarity amongst Syrian Refugee Women in the Middle East

Authors Nergis Canefe
Year 2018
Journal Name Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees
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50 Journal Article

The Southeastern Mediterranean: The Greece-Turkey Irregular Migration System

Authors Thanos Maroukis, Anna Triandafyllidou
Book Title Migrant Smuggling: Irregular Migration from Asia and Africa to Europe
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51 Book Chapter

When Borders Lie Within: Ethnic Marriages and Illegality on the Sino-Vietnamese Border

Authors Elena Barabantseva
Year 2015
Journal Name International Political Sociology
Citations (WoS) 5
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52 Journal Article

Invisible Lives: Gender, Dispossession, and Precarity amongst Syrian Refugee Women in the Middle East

Authors N Canefe
Year 2018
Journal Name Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees
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54 Journal Article

Migrant Smuggling: A Social Business

Authors Thanos Maroukis, Anna Triandafyllidou
Book Title Migrant Smuggling: Irregular Migration from Asia and Africa to Europe
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55 Book Chapter

The Discourse and Dimensions of Irregularity in Post‐Apartheid South Africa

Authors Jonathan Crush
Year 1999
Journal Name International Migration
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56 Journal Article

MIGRATION PHENOMENON BETWEEN ANDALUSIA AND MOROCCO: REFLECTIONS FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN THE TWO SHORES

Authors Jamal Benamar, Noelia Melero Aguilar
Year 2015
Journal Name Revista Barataria
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57 Journal Article

La migration irrégulière au Mali

Authors Modibo KEITA
Description
Le présent article aborde la problématique de la migration irrégulière au Mali en la plaçant dans son contexte historique, sous-régional et national. Il montre comment le concept de migration irrégulière, informelle, illégale ou clandestine est récemment apparu du fait des modifications apportées aux cadres législatifs nationaux à partir des années 1970 et 1980 afin de restreindre la mobilité internationale des personnes. Les causes qui poussent à la migration irrégulière sont esquissées et les principaux acteurs responsables de sa gestion sont passés en revue ainsi que leurs stratégies d’intervention. L’article se termine par des recommandations pertinentes pouvant contribuer à maîtriser durablement les flux migratoires provenant du Mali et de la sous-région ouest-africaine en général. Abstract This paper deals with the issue of irregular migration in Mali with an historical perspective and in the regional and national context. It shows how the concepts of irregular, informal, illegal or clandestine migration appeared because of the modification of the legal frameworks ruling migration in the 1970s and 1980s, with the aim of limiting the mobility of the persons at an international level. The push factors of irregular migration are briefly presented, as well as the main actors responsible for the management of migration and their strategies. This paper concludes with policy recommendations contributing to a sustain management of migration flows from Mali and the West African sub region.
Year 2011
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58 Report

Migrant smuggling : novel insights and implications for migration control policies

Authors Anna Triandafyllidou
Year 2018
Journal Name The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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59 Journal Article

Modeling migrant smuggling: Testing descriptive types against recent findings

Authors Veronika Bilger
Year 2018
Journal Name New Perspectives on Turkey
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60 Journal Article

Modeling migrant smuggling: Testing descriptive types against recent findings

Authors Veronika Bilger
Year 2018
Journal Name New Perspectives on Turkey
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61 Journal Article

Policing the mobility society : the effects of EU-anti-migrant smuggling policies on humanitarianism

Authors Sergio CARRERA, Jennifer ALLSOPP, Lina VOSYLIUTE
Year 2018
Journal Name International Journal of Migration and Border Studies
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62 Journal Article

Irregular Migration to Jordan: Socio-Political Stakes

Authors Françoise DE BEL-AIR
Description
A striking evidence is the high figures of undocumented migrants in Jordan. The questions asked in the present report are the following: do these figures signal a failure of policies? What are actually the aims of policies directed at illegal migrants in Jordan? And, ultimately, are unauthorized migrants really unwanted, and why?
Year 2008
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63 Report

The war on human trafficking in the Caribbean

Authors Kamala Kempadoo
Year 2007
Journal Name Race & Class
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64 Journal Article

Researching illegality and labour migration

Authors Bridget Anderson, Martin Ruhs
Year 2010
Journal Name Population, Space and Place
Citations (WoS) 44
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65 Journal Article

Human Smuggling from/via North Africa and Turkey to Greece

Authors Thanos Maroukis, Anna Triandafyllidou
Book Title Migrant Smuggling: Irregular Migration from Asia and Africa to Europe
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66 Book Chapter

How do Smuggling and Trafficking Operate via Irregular Border Crossings in the Middle East? Evidence from Fieldwork in Turkey

Authors A Icduygu, S Toktas
Year 2002
Journal Name International Migration
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67 Journal Article

Policing humanitarianism : EU policies against human smuggling and their impact on civil society

Authors Sergio CARRERA, Valsamis MITSILEGAS, Jennifer ALLSOPP, ...
Year 2019
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68 Book

Effectiveness of Services for Victims of International Human Trafficking: An Exploratory Evaluation

Authors Miriam Potocky
Year 2010
Journal Name Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies
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70 Journal Article

Neither 'criminals nor 'illegals' : children and adolescents in the migrant smuggling market on the US-MX border

Authors Gabriella SANCHEZ, Blanca NAVARRETE, Fernando LOERA, ...
Description
The present document constitutes an overview of the facilitation of irregular migration on the US Mexico border from a human rights perspective. The result of an NGO-academic partnership, it specifically outlines the contexts and challenges faced by boys, girls and adolescents who work in the migrant smuggling market in the Ciudad Juárez-El Paso corridor.
Year 2017
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72 Report

Twenty-First-Century Globalization and Illegal Migration

Authors Katharine M. Donato, Douglas S. Massey
Year 2016
Journal Name The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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73 Journal Article

Regularyzacja statusu cudzoziemców w Polsce w 2012 r. – geneza, przebieg i konsekwencje

Year 2013
Book Title Around migration issues. Party culture
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74 Book Chapter

Neither 'criminals nor 'illegals' : children and adolescents in the migrant smuggling market on the US-MX border

Authors Gabriella SANCHEZ, Blanca NAVARRETE, Fernando LOERA, ...
Description
The present document constitutes an overview of the facilitation of irregular migration on the US Mexico border from a human rights perspective. The result of an NGO-academic partnership, it specifically outlines the contexts and challenges faced by boys, girls and adolescents who work in the migrant smuggling market in the Ciudad Juárez-El Paso corridor.
Year 2017
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75 Report

A study on undocumented migrant workers in the Dutch household sector

Authors P Nijkamp, P Rietveld
Year 2014
Journal Name International Journal of Manpower
Citations (WoS) 3
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76 Journal Article

Migrant Smuggling: Irregular Migration From Asia and Africa to Europe

Authors Ilse van Liempt
Year 2014
Journal Name Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
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78 Journal Article

European Security Challenges

Authors Franck DÜVELL, Bastian VOLLMER
Description
Irregular migration was first noted during the 1970s, peaked around 2000 and is decreasing, the stock dropped to 3.8 million in 2008 and the flow of clandestine entry dropped to 103,000 apprehensions in 2009. Migration and border controls have been stepped up considerably by the EU and its member states over the past 15 years and were also extended to almost all neighbouring and transit countries along the main routes. Although clandestine entry, notably the arrival of boat people triggers most attention and is high on the policy agenda the overwhelming majority of irregular immigrants enter legally and then overstay, work in breach of their visa limits or otherwise lose their status; others claim asylum, are refused but stay on irregularly.
Year 2011
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79 Report

Migrant smuggling : irregular migration from Asia and Africa to Europe

Authors Anna TRIANDAFYLLIDOU, Thanos MAROUKIS
Year 2012
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80 Book

Sensors, Cameras, and the New 'Normal' in Clandestine Migration: How Undocumented Migrants Experience Surveillance at the U.S.-Mexico Border

Authors Bryce Clayton Newell, Ricardo Gomez, Veronica E. Guajardo
Year 2017
Journal Name SURVEILLANCE & SOCIETY
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81 Journal Article

Migrant Smuggling: Irregular Migration from Asia and Africa to Europe

Authors Daniela DeBono, Brigitte Suter
Year 2014
Journal Name Nordic Journal of Migration Research
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82 Journal Article

Critical insights on irregular migration facilitation : global perspectives

Authors Gabriella SANCHEZ, Luigi ACHILLI
Year 2019
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84 Book

Clandestine Migrant Workers in Japan

Authors Toshikazu Nagayama
Year 1992
Journal Name Asian and Pacific Migration Journal
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85 Journal Article

MEXICO-UNITED STATES MIGRATION: SECURITY IMPLICATIONS

Authors Roberto Zepeda Martinez, Jonathan D. Rosen
Year 2016
Journal Name REVISTA DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES-COSTA RICA
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86 Journal Article

Clandestine Labor Migration to Taiwan

Authors Ching-Lung Tsay
Year 1992
Journal Name Asian and Pacific Migration Journal
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87 Journal Article

From smuggled migrants to ‘alleged smugglers’: Empirical evidence and policy perspectives on the criminalization of people on the move in Italy

Authors Federico Alagna, Federico Alagna
Year 2024
Journal Name International Migration
Citations (WoS) 1
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88 Journal Article

Migrant Smuggling on Mexico’s Gulf Route: The Actors Involved

Authors Simon Pedro Izcara Palacios
Year 2017
Journal Name Latin American Perspectives
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89 Journal Article

Critical Perspectives on Clandestine Migration Facilitation: An Overview of Migrant Smuggling Research

Authors Gabriella Sanchez
Year 2017
Journal Name Journal on Migration and Human Security
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90 Journal Article

A tale of networks and policies: prolegomena to an analysis of irregular migration careers and their developmental paths

Authors Martina Cvajner, Giuseppe Sciortino
Year 2009
Journal Name Population, Space and Place
Citations (WoS) 25
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91 Journal Article

Irregular and Illegal Migration through Ukraine

Authors Greta Uehling
Year 2004
Journal Name International Migration
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92 Journal Article

Dynamics of immigration control

Authors Slobodan Djajić
Year 1999
Journal Name Journal of Population Economics
Citations (WoS) 21
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93 Journal Article

Reframing migrant smuggling as a form of knowledge : the view from the US-Mexico border

Authors Gabriella SANCHEZ, Nicholas NATIVIDAD
Year 2017
Book Title [Migration Policy Centre]
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94 Book Chapter

Manufacturing Smugglers: From Irregular to Clandestine Mobility in the Sahara

Authors Julien Brachet
Year 2018
Journal Name The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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96 Journal Article

Impact of the EU–Turkey Statement on Smugglers’ Operations in the Aegean and Migrants’ Decisions to Engage with Smugglers

Authors Ayselin Yildiz
Year 2020
Journal Name International Migration
Citations (WoS) 6
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97 Journal Article

A study of the communication channels used by migrants and asylum seekers in Italy, with a particular focus on online and social media

Authors Gabriella SANCHEZ, Rezart HOXHAJ, Sabrina NARDIN, ...
Description
The present study provides a comprehensive analysis of the information and communication channels that migrants use upon their arrival in Italy, and which may help determine their secondary movements. The pages that follow present findings drawn from surveys and interviews and focus groups carried out in Italy with 686 migrants (including irregular migrants, asylum seekers, and migrants who qualified for refugee status, humanitarian protection or subsidiary protection) during the second half of 2017. These findings are followed by recommendations involving the development of more effective mechanisms for migration information dissemination and for awareness-raising campaigns for migrants within the context of the EU’s Action Plan against Migrant Smuggling.
Year 2018
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98 Report

Narratives of Human Trafficking: Ways of Seeing and Not Seeing the Real Survivors and Stories

Authors Maria De Angelis
Year 2017
Journal Name NARRATIVE WORKS-ISSUES INVESTIGATIONS & INTERVENTIONS
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99 Journal Article

Prostitution and Migrant Smuggling Networks Operating between Central America, Mexico, and the United States

Authors Simon Pedro Izcara Palacios
Year 2017
Journal Name Latin American Perspectives
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100 Journal Article
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