Border control

Results displayed in this section refer to research on policies, laws, legislation, regulation or measures concerning border control. Border control consists of actions taken by a country or a group of countries to monitor the borders and regulate the cross-border movements of people, goods and animals. Regarding migration, border controls enable the regulation of entry and exit of people, and thus the management of  legal and irregular cross-border movements. Other terms used in the literature are border surveillance, border management, passport control, etc. 

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An Institutional Approach to Bordering in Islands: The Canary Islands on the African-European Migration Routes

Authors Dirk Godenau
Year 2012
Journal Name ISLAND STUDIES JOURNAL
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1 Journal Article

Frontex: Towards a Common Policy on External Border Control

Authors Roberta Mungianu
Year 2013
Journal Name European Journal of Migration and Law
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2 Journal Article

(Re)locating the border: Pre-entry tuberculosis (TB) screening of migrants to the UK

Authors Adam Warren
Year 2013
Journal Name Geoforum
Citations (WoS) 3
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3 Journal Article

Intelligent Portable Border Control System

Description
iBorderCtrl envisages to enable faster thorough border control for third country nationals crossing the borders of EU, with technologies that adopt the future development of the Schengen Border Management. The project will present an optimal mixture of an enhanced, voluntary form of a Registered Traveller Programme and an auxiliary solution for the Entry/Exit System based on involving bona fide travellers. iBorderCtrl designs and implements a system that adopts mobility concepts and consists of a two-stage procedure, designed to reduce cost/time spent per traveller at the crossing station. It leverages software and hardware technologies ranging from portable readers/scanners, various emerging and novel subsystems for automatic controls, wireless networking for mobile controls, and secure backend storage and processing. The two-stage procedure includes: (A) the registration before the travel to gather initial personal, travel document and vehicle data, perform a short, automated, non-invasive interview with an avatar, subject to lie detection and link the traveller to any pre-existing authority data. Utilizing multifactor analytics and risk-based approach, the data registered is processed and correlated with publicly open data or external systems such as the SIS II. Processing will need the travellers consent as set in EU legislation and national law. (B) the actual control at the border that complements pre-registered information with results of security controls that are performed with a portable, wireless connected iBorderCtrl unit that can be used inside buses/trains or any point. Multiple technologies check validity and authenticity of parameters (e.g. travel documents, visa, face recognition of traveller using passport picture, real-time automated non-invasive lie detection in interview by officer, etc.). The data collected are encrypted, securely transferred and analysed in real time, providing an automated decision support system for the border control officers.
Year 2016
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4 Project

Frontex Risk Analysis Network (FRAN) Quarterly Report

Description
Statistical analysis of quarterly changes of eight irregular-migration indicators and one asylum indicator, provided by MS border-control authorities. Indicators: Detections of illegal border-crossing between Border Crossing Points (BCPs); Detections of illegal border-crossing at BCPs; detections of suspected facilitators; detections of illegal stay; refusals of entry; asylum applications; detections of false documents; return decisions for illegally staying third-country nationals; returns of illegally staying third-country nationals)
Year 2012
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5 Data Set

Public Security Revisited

Authors Timo Knäbe, Hervé Yves Caniard
Year 2021
Journal Name European Journal of Migration and Law
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6 Journal Article

Efficient Integrated Security Checkpoints

Description
Illegal immigration and illicit material detection is a growing concern at the European borders; in that respect border security checkpoints must be particularly efficient against any kind of threat. If airport checkpoints controls are today technically improving, land and seaport checkpoints differ strongly from airports ones and are more complex to process. During the last years, most of the efforts were devoted to develop new solutions addressing new security challenges in airports. We can expect that very shortly authorities will have to guarantee the same level of security controls for all types of borders. The global objective of EFFISEC, a mission oriented project, is to deliver to border authorities more efficient technological equipment: • providing higher security level of identity and luggage control of pedestrians and passengers inside vehicles, at land and maritime checkpoints, • while maintaining or improving the flow of people crossing borders, • and improving work conditions of border inspectors, with more powerful capabilities, less repetitive tasks, and more ergonomic equipment. EFFISEC will provide border officers with up-to-dated technologies: • allowing systematic in depth controls of travellers, luggage and vehicles, for pedestrians and people inside vehicles, through the use of automatic gates and portable identity check and scanning equipment, • providing objective criteria for submitting some travellers/vehicles/luggage to an extensive check in specific lanes. Based on a detailed analysis of the operational requirements (including ergonomics, security and legal issues) for all types of borders, EFFISEC will focus on four technical key issues: documents and identity check, detection of illicit substances, video surveillance and secured communications. The technology proposed will be demonstrated for pedestrians, and travellers using cars and buses; standardisation aspects will be considered and results disseminated.
Year 2009
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7 Project

Surveillance at sea: The transactional politics of border control in the Aegean

Authors Huub Dijstelbloem, Rogier van Reekum, Willem Schinkel
Year 2017
Journal Name Security Dialogue
Citations (WoS) 7
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8 Journal Article

Harmonisation by risk analysis? Frontex and the risk-based governance of European border control

Authors Regine Paul
Year 2017
Journal Name Journal of European Integration
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9 Journal Article

The Pressure Cooker: How Border Security Keeps Increasing the Chaos

Authors R Andersson
Year 2015
Journal Name REVISTA DE DIALECTOLOGIA Y TRADICIONES POPULARES
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10 Journal Article

Frontex Annual Risk Analysis Report

Description
The Frontex Risk Analysis Report concentrates on the current scope of Frontex operational activities, which focuses on irregular migration at the external borders of the EU and Schengen Associated Countries. Central to the concept of integrated border management (IBM), border management should also cover security threats present at the external borders. Indicators used: Detections of illegal border-crossings between Border Crossing Points (BCPs); Detections of illegal border-crossing at BCPs; detections of suspected facilitators; detections of illegal stay; refusals of entry;reasons of refusal; detections of false documents; return decisions; effective returns; and passenger flow (when available).
Year 2011
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11 Data Set

Agencification as a Key Component of the EU Externalisation Toolkit. Observations on a Silent Escape from the Rule of Law

Authors Daniela Vitiello
Year 2018
Book Title EU external migration policies in an era of global mobilities : intersecting policy universes
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12 Book Chapter

Public health in/as 'national security': tuberculosis and the contemporary regime of border control in Australia

Authors Jed Horner, James G. Wood, Angela Kelly
Year 2013
Journal Name Critical Public Health
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13 Journal Article

Remapping the Border: Geospatial Technologies and Border Activism

Authors James Walsh
Year 2013
Journal Name Environment and Planning D: Society and Space
Citations (WoS) 11
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14 Journal Article

Regulating Movement of the Very Mobile: Selected Legal and Policy Aspects of Ukrainian Migration to EU Countries

Authors Monika Szulecka
Book Title Ukrainian Migration to the European Union
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15 Book Chapter

Reclaiming Control over Europe’s Technological Borders

Authors Albert Meijer, Huub Dijstelbloem, Frans Brom
Book Title Migration and the New Technological Borders of Europe
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16 Book Chapter

A secure, modular and distributed mobile border control solution for European land border crossing points

Description
MobilePass will focus on research and development towards technologically advanced mobile equipment at land border crossing points. This will allow border control authorities to check European, visa-holding and frequent third country travellers in a comfortable, fast and secure way. The mobile solution incorporates new technologies needed in mobile scenarios and embeds them in the actual border crossing workflow to speed up control procedures. MobilePass brings together system- and component producers, research institutions and governmental authorities. The entire innovation process, from development to integration, will continuously be evaluated by border guard authorities. Promoting both security and mobility within the EU Border control is a major challenge for member states border control authorities. Travellers request a minimum delay and a convenient, non-intrusive border crossing, while border guards must fulfil their obligation to secure the EUs borders against illegal immigration, terrorisms, crime and other threats. The MobilePass development process addresses both requirements with equal emphasis, keep security at the highest level while increasing the speed and the comfort for all legitimate travellers. Aspects of a fast border crossing by legitimate travellers are a (i) reliable and convenient capture of biometric and passport data, (ii) dependable, secure wireless data transfer, (iii) and a modular mobile equipment optimized to the border control workflow. Improved traveller identification technologies, such as contactless fingerprint capture and advanced mobile facial capture will increase the security, minimise spoofing and evasion, while making the control less cumbersome for passengers. A system evaluation and demonstration will be done in two different member states. Compliance with European societal values and citizens’ rights is central to the acceptance of the developed technologies, and will accompany the development throughout the project.
Year 2014
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17 Project

Analyzing the Homeland Security of the US-Mexico Border

Authors Lawrence M. Wein, Yifan Liu, Arik Motskin
Year 2009
Journal Name RISK ANALYSIS
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18 Journal Article

"Crimmigration Control" across Borders: The Convergence of Migration and Crime Control through Transnational Biometric Databases

Authors Nina Amelung
Year 2021
Journal Name HISTORICAL SOCIAL RESEARCH-HISTORISCHE SOZIALFORSCHUNG
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19 Journal Article

Artificial sniffer using linear ion trap technology

Description
The research will develop a universal gas sensor using modular technologies to function as an artificial sniffer. It will detect a range of substances, including but not limited to people, drugs, explosives (including weapons) and CBRNe. The technology will complement trained sniffer dogs. The technology proposed is based on linear ion trap (LIT) mass spectrometry (MS). MS techniques have been increasingly deployed in security sniffing applications in the USA. MS is a non-intrusive high-resolution technique able to detect single atoms and complex molecules through their charged species (ions) or fragmentation pattern. The technique is capable of detecting a wide range of substances rapidly, with high accuracy and with a stand-off capability – critically it is able to detect trace levels below parts per million. Once the MS fingerprint of a unknown substance is measured it can be compared online with a database of known substances enabling real-time rapid identification. Sniffles will develop a LIT MS based device with a larger mass range than other comparable MS techniques. Methods for miniaturisation and modularisation will be applied to allow reduced vacuum demand and upgradeability. Miniaturisation will be made possible through improved designs based on results from modelling, novel manufacturing techniques and improvements in the MS drive electronics and vacuum system. These advances will bring benefits including reduced acquisition/operating costs, greater mobility, user friendliness and flexibility. Sniffles has the potential to significantly impact on National Security and border control and enable exploitation of International Markets. Performance will be benchmarked against a state-of-the-art conventional MS system and security sniffer dogs – within the context of a border security checkpoint. Sniffles aims to demonstrate an automated portable MS-based sniffer device, tested and evaluated for a range of security applications and markets by end-users.
Year 2012
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20 Project

Privacy, ethical, regulatory and social no-gate crossing point solutions acceptance

Description
The increasing number of travellers crossing European borders is putting a mounting pressure on the everyday handling of border checks. On one side, border control authorities have to process a higher number of checks in an increasingly reduced amount of time to avoid congestion or cope with limited resources. As a consequence, the experience of both European and third country travellers is deteriorating due to the extra time they have to spend at the border checkpoints. Such a continuous need calls for flexible, automated and scalable “no-gate” border security solutions. On the other side, the intensive use of technologies bears the risk to invading people’s privacy, and the societal and political acceptance of technologies for contactless border security solutions is required prior to their implementation. A pivotal element of PERSONA project is to design and establish unified and tailored impact assessment method to appropriately assess the effects of new border-controlling technologies and ensure that these solutions meet the requirements and expectations of both governments, LEAs and border crossing individuals. PERSONA will carry out comprehensive assessment of the acceptability of wide range of contactless crossing point technologies, taking into account human behaviour, gender, legal frameworks, privacy concerns, societal issues and potential risk of discrimination. The established method for assessment will provide important information for decision makers in form of potential risks, mitigation measures and guidelines, in order to drive the innovation and deployment of future solutions by industry and border authorities.
Year 2018
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21 Project

E-Terrify: Securitized Immigration and Biometric Surveillance in the Workplace

Authors Daniel M. Goldstein, Carolina Alonso-Bejarano
Year 2017
Journal Name Human Organization
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22 Journal Article

Regulating Immigration Control: Carrier Sanctions in the Netherlands

Authors Sophie Scholten, Paul Minderhoud
Year 2008
Journal Name European Journal of Migration and Law
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23 Journal Article

The 2,000 Mile Wall in Search of a Purpose: Since 2007 Visa Overstays have Outnumbered Undocumented Border Crossers by a Half Million

Authors Robert Warren, Donald Kerwin
Year 2017
Journal Name Journal on Migration and Human Security
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25 Journal Article

Borders as Places of Control. Fixing, Shifting and Reinventing State Borders. An Introduction

Authors Fabian Guelzau, Steffen Mau, Kristina Korte
Year 2021
Journal Name HISTORICAL SOCIAL RESEARCH-HISTORISCHE SOZIALFORSCHUNG
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26 Journal Article

Guarding the borders through technological devices to control people, their bodies and their habits

Authors Ana M. Gonzalez Ramos
Year 2020
Journal Name TRANS-PASANDO FRONTERAS
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28 Journal Article

Border work: surveillant assemblages, virtual fences, and tactical counter-media

Authors Tamara Vukov, M Sheller
Year 2013
Journal Name SOCIAL SEMIOTICS
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29 Journal Article

The International Organization for Migration and the International Government of Borders

Authors Rutvica Andrijasevic, William Walters
Year 2010
Journal Name Environment and Planning D: Society and Space
Citations (WoS) 79
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30 Journal Article

The Humanitarian Politics of European Border Policing: Frontex and Border Police in Evros

Authors Polly Pallister-Wilkins
Year 2015
Journal Name International Political Sociology
Citations (WoS) 66
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31 Journal Article

FastPass: A harmonized, modular reference system for all European automatic border crossing points

Description
Automatic border controls are an increasingly relevant mode by which borders are crossed, both in the European Union and around the world. The Fastpass project aims to establish and demonstrate a next generation harmonised, modular approach for Automated Border Control (ABC) systems. To do so, it brings together key stakeholders involved throughout the development of an ABC system: system and component producers, research institutions, governmental authorities and end users. The ICMPD Research Department is particularly involved in engaging users and other stakeholders, as well as analysing the needs and requirements necessary for an ABC system. The ICMPD Border Management and Visa Competence Centre is also involved in interacting with and training border guards to use the system, as well as ensuring the needs of the end user group of border guards are also included. Objectives: • Integration of the Smart Border components of an exit-entry system and a registered traveller programme within the system; • Harmonised use of the system across a variety of countries, based on feedback from travellers and border guards; • Development of an innovative border crossing concept that interfaces with existing security and infrastructure processes at air, land and sea borders; • Design and inclusion of innovative technology with regard to ABC systems; • Establishment of a European ABC solution, and a new European ABC suppliers network Project Partners: Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH (AIT), Teknologian tutkimuskeskus VTT, Austrian Federal Ministry of the Interior, Österreichische Staatsdruckerei GmbH, Fraunhofer IOSB, Interdisciplinary Center for Law and ICT of K.U. Leuven, Finnish Border Guard RVL, Secunet Security Networks AG, Mirasys Ltd, Regula Baltija Ltd, University of Reading, University of Tampere, Gunnebo Entrance Control Ltd, Giesecke & Devrient GmbH, MODI Modular Digits GmbH, Magnetic Autocontrol GmbH, European Commission Joint Research Center, ITTE Sp.z.o.o., Deltabit Oy, Oxford Internet Institute of the University of Oxford, Romanian Border Guard, Finavia Cooperation, Port of Mykonos, Fraport AG, Flughafen Wien AG, Intrepid Minds.
Year 2013
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32 Project

EARLY WARNING FOR INCREASED SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

Description
This project proposal EARLY WARNING FOR INCREASED SITUATIONAL AWARENESS (EWISA) is addressing the FP7 Theme for Security Research the work programme topic SEC-2013.3.2-1 Pre-Operational Validation (POV) on land borders, the topic Area 10.3.2 Land borders as is aimed to promote further cooperation between public authorities as the end-users on developing new solutions to improve the quality and efficiency of public services related to security issues on topics of common European interest. The proposal is in the area of Activity 10.3, regarding the Intelligent Surveillance and Border Security with the specific funding scheme Pre-Operational Validation (POV), a Combination of Collaborative Project and Coordination (CP-CSA) and Support Action. The project implements the actual strategic approach of Frontex, expressed in EuroSur , through which an intelligence picture of possible threats against MS is obtained, picture created outside the MS and Schengen area, through the combination of radar pictures with video pictures and with the intelligence collected from the sensor stations together with the ones from the MS partners, from checked sources. The threats which are subject to analysis in this project are the following: a) illegal migration, b) smuggling, c) trafficking in drugs and forbidden materials, d) trafficking in weapons The project will provide not only the assessment of a stand-alone technology, but also assessment of the integration into current surveillance infrastructure of the new capabilities provided by the industry. The objective is to increase intelligence in video surveillance. The approach is a process like entity, which consists of: • camera-specific processes • a modular implementation of successive analysis layers, which is applied for optimal situational awareness: chaining, motion, figure. • In addition to the camera's processing capabilities, the network consists of: sensors, network analysis and system for control room.
Year 2014
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33 Project

Walls, Barriers, Checkpoints, Landmarks, and " No-Man's-Land." A Quantitative Typology of Border Control Infrastructure

Authors Fabian Guelzau, Steffen Mau
Year 2021
Journal Name HISTORICAL SOCIAL RESEARCH-HISTORISCHE SOZIALFORSCHUNG
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34 Journal Article

Sea Border Surveillance

Description
The SeaBILLA proposal aims to 1) define the architecture for cost-effective European Sea Border Surveillance systems, integrating space, land, sea and air assets, including legacy systems; 2) apply advanced technological solutions to increase performances of surveillance functions; 3) develop and demonstrate significant improvements in detection, tracking, identification and automated behaviour analysis of all vessels, including hard to detect vessels, in open waters as well as close to coast. SeaBILLA is based on requirements for Sea Border Surveillance defined by experienced operational users. These requirements have been transformed into Scenarios, included in Annex to this proposal, representative of gaps and opportunities for fruitful cooperative information exchange between Members States a) for fighting drug trafficking in the English Channel; b) for addressing illegal immigration in the South Mediterranean; c) for struggling illicit activities in open-sea in the Atlantic waters from Canary Islands to the Azores; in coherence with the EU Integrated Maritime Policy, EUROSUR and Integrated Border Management, and in compliance with Member States sovereign prerogatives. The project will provide concrete added value and benefits for users, by providing a solution that can be implemented at national and EU level to increase effectiveness, pool resources and address Maritime Security and Safety challenges; for world competitiveness of EU industries, by increasing knowledge and reducing risks for future product investments; for European citizens, by providing effectively deployable solutions for law enforcement along the European sea borders. SeaBILLA will be carried out by a reliable team of major European system integrators, technology providers and leading research organizations, establishing strong links with several EU and national projects and assuring worldwide exploitation of project results.
Year 2010
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35 Project

The Interiorisation and Localisation of Border Control: A US Case

Authors Ron Magalit Rodriguez
Book Title New Border and Citizenship Politics
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36 Book Chapter

Revisiting Bordering Practices: Irregular Migration, Borders, and Citizenship in Malaysia

Authors Blanca Garces-Mascarenas
Year 2015
Journal Name International Political Sociology
Citations (WoS) 6
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37 Journal Article

Seeking Asylum in Times of Crisis: Reception, Confinement, and Detention at Europe’s Southern Border

Authors Giuseppe Campesi
Year 2018
Journal Name Refugee Survey Quarterly
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38 Journal Article

Drone futures

Authors Camilla Fojas
Year 2019
Journal Name CULTURAL DYNAMICS
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40 Journal Article

Smart Trust: Secure Mobile ID for Trusted Smart Borders

Description
Smart-Trust introduces a new technological enabler for Mobile ID which drastically increases the reliability and trust levels of identity verification at European borders, thus increasing the security of member states. The platform is compatible with a seamless self-service experience based on biometrics on the move which provides freedom of movements to citizens while ensuring their privacy safeguarded according to Privacy by Design principles. Smart-Trust will simultaneously address the business needs of governments, airports, airlines and border police in major pilots in the international airports of Lisbon and Schiphol. After establishing requirements sought by the various stakeholders, and integrating the Smart-Trust platform into the airport and border control infrastructure, we will define KPIs for assessing the business cases and design experiments to measure them. Smart-Trust will be implemented by delivering an agile, highly configurable, modular and open architecture platform with the following robust, versatile and scalable core components: • Mobile ID services and app, mobile identity enrolment and verification services. • TrustChain, a blockchain-based infra-structure to assert citizen transactions in a distributed and self-regulatory fashion. • Workflow Orchestration, a workflow management component which caters for stakeholder-driven business rules. • Analytics and Risk-Assessment, an industrial-strength real time analytics platform able to deliver professional customized monitoring dashboards as well as detecting passenger trends and anomalies. These components will be developed as part of Vision-Box’s overarching Services Platform and hence compatible with standard Vision-Box services such as Automated Border Control, including Advance Passenger Information Systems (APIS) and Entry-Exit System (EES), and Happy Flow, the first 100% self-service passenger processing system allowing passengers to go from curb to boarding by simple presenting their face.
Year 2018
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41 Project

The Exceptional Becomes Everyday: Border Control, Attrition and Exclusion from Within

Authors Regina C. Serpa
Year 2021
Journal Name SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL
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42 Journal Article

Digital placemaking as survival tactics: Sub-Saharan migrants' videos at the Moroccan-Spanish border

Authors Irene Gutierrez, Miguel Fernandez Labayen
Year 2021
Journal Name Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies
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43 Journal Article

Border closures and the externalization of immigration controls in the Mediterranean: a comparative analysis of Morocco and Turkey

Authors Ayşen Üstübici, Ahmet Icduygu, Ahmet İçduygu, ...
Year 2019
Journal Name New Perspectives on Turkey
Citations (WoS) 1
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44 Journal Article

Deterrence and protection in the EU migration policy

Authors Anna TRIANDAFYLLIDOU, Angeliki DIMITRIADI
Year 2014
Journal Name [Global Governance Programme], [Cultural Pluralism]
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45 Journal Article

The Power of Legal Norms in the EU's External Border Control

Authors Peter Slominski
Year 2013
Journal Name International Migration
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46 Journal Article

the 2015 refugee crisis was not a turning point: explaining policy inertia in EU border control

Authors Virginie Guiraudon, Guiraudon
Year 2018
Journal Name European Political Science
Citations (WoS) 5
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47 Journal Article

Autonomous maritime surveillance system

Description
The Autonomous Maritime Surveillance System (AMASS) will be for the observation and security of wide critical maritime areas in order to reduce actual and potential illegal immigration and the trafficking of drugs, weapons and illicit substances. The surveillance system will consist of autonomous, unmanned surveillance buoys with active and passive sensors, the key sensors being un-cooled thermal imagers connected as a network with wideband radio. Further sensors will include hydrophone arrays and possibly other sensors e.g. CCD camera. A sophisticated data fusion process will enable the transmission of relevant information. Alarms from the system will be displayed on a map system in blue border surveillance command centres providing information on location and direction. It will also be possible for the operator to switch directly to a video stream to view the detected image. AMASS will be a capability for integrated blue border surveillance. In order to realise this system a number of advances in the state of the art are required such as the development of stable autonomous maritime platforms and “Hot Spot” detection in the difficult maritime environment. The consortium includes the European market leader for optronic border surveillance technology, 4 SMEs, 1 University, 3 Institutes (including one charged with the search and rescue control network coordination for the Canary Islands) and one national armed forces responsible for border protection.
Year 2008
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48 Project

Border closures and the externalization of immigration controls in the Mediterranean: A comparative analysis of Morocco and Turkey

Authors Ayşen Üstübici, Ahmet İçduygu
Year 2018
Journal Name New Perspectives on Turkey
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49 Journal Article

Deterrence and Protection in the EU’s Migration Policy

Authors Anna Triandafyllidou, Angeliki Dimitriadi
Year 2014
Journal Name The International Spectator Italian Journal of International Affairs
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51 Journal Article

Border closures and the externalization of immigration controls in the Mediterranean: A comparative analysis of Morocco and Turkey

Authors Aysen Ustubici, Ahmet Icduygu
Year 2018
Journal Name New Perspectives on Turkey
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52 Journal Article

The American Fence: Liberal Political Theory and the Immorality of Membership

Authors Phillip Cole
Book Title Citizenship Acquisition and National Belonging
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53 Book Chapter

Protection of European seas and borders through the intelligent use of surveillance

Description
PERSEUS contributes to Europe’s efforts to monitor illegal migration and combat related crime and goods smuggling by proposing a large scale demonstration of a EU Maritime surveillance System of Systems, on the basis of existing national systems and platforms, enhancing them with innovative capabilities and moving beyond EUROSUR’s 2013 expectations, addressing key challenges:  supporting the network created by National Contact Centres, Frontex and EMSA through increased capabilities, including transnational exchange of useful and available information, and associated procedures and mechanisms, thereby supporting the creation of a common information sharing environment  generation of a common situational picture  improved detection and identification of non collaborative/suspicious small boats and low flying aircraft  enhanced and increasingly automated detection of abnormal vessel behaviours, identification of threats and tracking of reporting and non-reporting vessels PERSEUS articulates this demonstration through 5 exercises grouped in 2 campaigns, implementing missions of drug trafficking and illegal migration control and delivering surveillance continuity from coastal areas to high seas. PERSEUS delivers a comprehensive set of validated and demonstrated recommendations and proposes standards. PERSEUS has assembled major users and providers, ensuring privileged access to existing surveillance systems and assets for an optimised coverage of the area of interest. These users will define, assess and validate the alignment of PERSEUS’s recommendations to their needs. PERSEUS also includes an evolution mechanism to enlarge the user base and integrate emerging technologies during its lifetime. PERSEUS will augment the effectiveness of operational capabilities of the existing systems – a relevant and coordinated contribution to the establishment of an integrated European-wide maritime border control system
Year 2011
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54 Project

Shaping migration at the border: the entangled rationalities of border control practices

Authors Christin Achermann
Year 2021
Journal Name Comparative Migration Studies
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55 Journal Article

Watchful Citizens: Immigration Control, Surveillance and Societal Participation

Authors James P. Walsh
Year 2014
Journal Name Social & Legal Studies
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56 Journal Article

Migration and asylum statistics as a basis for European border control

Authors Marianne Takle
Year 2017
Journal Name Migration Studies
Citations (WoS) 2
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58 Journal Article

Collaborative evaLuation Of border Surveillance technologies in maritime Environment bY pre-operational validation of innovativE solutions

Description
CLOSEYE comes to life with the aim of providing the EU with an operational and technical framework that would increase situational awareness and improve the reaction capability of authorities surveying the external borders of the EU. This initiative also comes in response to an urgent sudden major challenge for the control of the migratory pressure from the North African coast and to a limited market providing innovative solutions for the accomplishment of major operational objectives. CLOSEYE articulates this POV through three phases encompassing the necessary activities to: • identify the problem and the alternatives • demonstrate that there are existing innovative solutions which provide the required additional capabilities • to assess the performance levels of these solutions • and to evaluate the experimentation results and promote their extensibility to future solutions. The CLOSEYE consortium has assembled the most representative public authorities in charge of the surveillance of the southern EU maritime border, ensuring not only a remarkable expertise at technical and operational level, but also a privileged positioning with respect to the main hot spots for maritime irregular cross-border activities and ensuring access to the existing surveillance systems and assets to support the validation process. The second pillar of the project will be the security industry, which will be called to demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of specific solutions in order to fulfill real user demands. The assessment of the performance levels of the solutions proposed by the industry will be conducted through a series of exercises, both technical and operational, in at least two different scenarios. By promoting this competitive testing and assessment of the potential solutions, CLOSEYE will pave the way towards the definition of future in integrated surveillance solutions from a fact-checked perspective, validated by users.
Year 2013
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59 Project

Education or enforcement? Enrolling universities in the surveillance and policing of migration

Authors James P. Walsh
Year 2019
Journal Name CRIME LAW AND SOCIAL CHANGE
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60 Journal Article

EU-Libya Cooperation on Migration: A Raw Deal for Refugees and Migrants?

Authors S. Hamood, Sara Hamood
Year 2008
Journal Name Journal of Refugee Studies
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61 Journal Article

A harmonized, modular reference system for all European automated border crossing points

Description
FastPass will establish and demonstrate a harmonized, modular approach for Automated Border Control (ABC) gates. FastPass brings together key players of the entire ABC value chain - system and component producers, research institutions, governmental authorities and end-users. The development of a harmonized ABC gate will be accomplished with continuous end-user involvement. The entire innovation process, from components development to the final design of the user interface, will continuously be evaluated by the two end user groups, travellers and border guards. Border control is a major challenge for security and mobility within the EU. Travellers request a minimum delay and a speedy border crossing, while Border Guards must fulfil their obligation to secure the EUs borders against illegal immigration and other threats. Fastpass will serve both demands at the same time to keep security at the highest level while increasing the speed and the comfort for all legitimate travellers at all border control points. The FastPass ABC process will be designed to address both requirements with equal emphasis. One aspect of a speedy border crossing by legitimate travellers is a harmonised user interface. This will allow frequent travellers from Europe and third country states to pass through an ABC with minimum delay, using the full potential of ID documents. Improved traveller identification technologies, such as new biometric modules will increase the security of the ABC process and minimise spoofing. A demonstration and evaluation at all types of border (air, land and sea) will be implemented in at least three different member states. Compliance with European societal values and citizens’ rights is central to the acceptance of the developed technologies, and will accompany the development and end-user interaction throughout the project. FastPass will develop a reference architecture for ABC gates, and will pursue a European initiative for a global standard in ABC technology.
Year 2013
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62 Project

Security UPgrade for PORTs

Description
Port security remains of paramount importance for Europe both due to potential threats on passenger life and the potential for crippling economic damage arising from intentional unlawful attacks on port facilities. Challenges arise due to the complexity of operational modalities of sea and hinterland traffic and the lack of efficient organisational and technological interfaces linking ports to border control authorities, the police and other intervention forces, and transport-logistics operators. Considerable progress with port security has been achieved in recent years primarily associated with adoption of the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code . SUPPORT is aimed at building on these achievements by engaging representative stakeholders to guide the development of next generation solutions for upgraded preventive and remedial security capabilities in European ports. The overall benefit will be the secure and efficient operation of European ports enabling uninterrupted flows of cargo and passengers while suppressing illegal immigration and trafficking of drugs, weapons and illicit substances all in line with the efforts of FRONTEX and EU member states. SUPPORT will deliver public formal specifications and open standards based tools that will aid security upgrade in EU ports and will be complementary to and usable by other EU projects and initiatives in this area. Emphasis will be given to bring together advances from research on security with results from the main EU projects in maritime and intermodal transport, specifically those concerned with security and interoperability issues. Thus, SUPPORT will address ‘total’ port security upgrade solutions encompassing legal, organisational, technology and human factors perspectives. These solutions should provide substantial improvements in the performance, reliability, speed and cost of European port security which will be demonstrated during the course of the project.
Year 2010
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63 Project

The political economy of bordering and the reproduction of borders in the case of Frontex

Authors Dominik Winkler
Year 2023
Journal Name Human Geography
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64 Journal Article

ABC GATES FOR EUROPE

Description
During the last years, many ABC Gates have been deployed in the main European airports, most of them as pilot projects intended to test their capability to improve the border crossing processes in aspects such as speed, security, automation, false rejection reduction, etc. Experience gained from these pilots has been periodically assessed within the Frontex ABC Workshops, where the need for a harmonised approach has been specifically addressed as one of the most urgent issues to be solved. In particular, harmonisation would be required in areas as e-passports management, biometrics, gate design, human interface, processes, PKD certificate exchange, signalling and interoperability. On the other hand, EU Smart Border Initiative adds a new approach to be considered in ABC development: The inclusion of a RTP system for Third Country Nationals and an Entry Exit System. ABC4EU will identify the requirements for an integrated, interoperable and citizen’s rights respectful ABC system at EU level, taking account of the experience gained from the previous pilots, projects and the future needs derived from the Smart Border and other EU and national initiatives and paying very special attention to citizen rights, privacy and other related ethical aspects. ABC4EU will focus in the need for harmonisation in the design and operational features of ABC Gates, considering specially the full exploitation of the EU second generation passports and other accepted travel documents. In addition, RTP and EES will be specifically tested in the project to assess their feasibility and an EU level border management C4I concept will be developed for end user assessment. ABC4EU intends to carry out a 2 steps system validation: Upgraded ABC systems in several MS covering all types of borders (airports, harbours and land borders) will be integrated with RTP and EES prototypes. Lessons learnt from this first step will be applied for a second and final testing.
Year 2014
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65 Project

Channels of Entry and Preferred Destinations: The Circumvention of Denmark by Chinese Immigrants

Authors Mette Thuno
Year 2003
Journal Name International Migration
Citations (WoS) 5
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67 Journal Article

Border Externalization in the Western Mediterranean: Mobilities, Violence and the Politics of Compassion

Authors Mercedes G. Jimenez-Alvarez
Year 2015
Journal Name REVISTA DE DIALECTOLOGIA Y TRADICIONES POPULARES
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68 Journal Article

Speed, timing and duration: contested temporalities, techno-political controversies and the emergence of the EU’s smart border

Authors Simon Sontowski
Year 2018
Journal Name Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
Citations (WoS) 3
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69 Journal Article

Women and border policing at the edges of Europe

Authors Mary Bosworth, Sharon Pickering, Andriani Fili
Year 2018
Journal Name Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
Citations (WoS) 1
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71 Journal Article

Control or rescue at sea? Aims and limits of border surveillance technologies in the Mediterranean Sea

Authors Maria Gabrielsen Jumbert
Year 2018
Journal Name Disasters
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72 Journal Article

The road: An ethnography of the Albanian-Greek cross-border motorway

Authors DIMITRIS DALAKOGLOU
Year 2010
Journal Name American Ethnologist
Citations (WoS) 61
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74 Journal Article

Borders and the mobility of migrants in Germany

Authors Jana Beinhorn, Simone Gasch, Birgit Glorius
Year 2019
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75 Working Paper

Border/Control

Authors William Walters
Book Title An Anthology of Migration and Social Transformation
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76 Book Chapter

Clean skins: Making the e-Border security assemblage

Authors William L Allen, William L. Allen, Bastian A. Vollmer, ...
Year 2018
Journal Name Environment and Planning D: Society and Space
Citations (WoS) 2
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77 Journal Article

Borders and Populations in Flux: Frontex’s Place in the European Union’s Migration Management

Authors Bernd Kasparek
Book Title The Politics of International Migration Management
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78 Book Chapter

Border/Control

Authors William Walters
Year 2006
Journal Name European Journal of Social Theory
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79 Journal Article

SIS II - Second generation Schengen Information System

Description
Operational management of the second generation Schengen Information System (SIS II) which entered into operation on 09 April 2013 replacing SIS1. SIS II, the largest information system for public security in Europe, allows information exchanges between national border control, customs and police authorities ensuring that the free movement of people within the EU can take place in a safe environment. It also contains alerts on missing persons, in particular children, as well as information on certain property, such as banknotes, cars, vans, firearms and identity documents that may have been stolen, misappropriated or lost. Currently SIS II is used by 29 countries (25 EU MS + 4 Associated Countries). 25 EU: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Associated Countries connected to SIS II are: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. Statistics are available to the public as analyses presented in studies on annual basis. **Statistics of interest:** Refusals of entry -> statistics on alerts art 24 SIS II Regulation “refused entry or stay in the Schengen area when the authorities had already made a decision that they should not enter”
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80 Data Set

Cooperative security policies and fight against organized crime in the Tri-border Area

Authors Elias David Morales Martinez, Thulio Manoel Costa de Oliveira
Year 2021
Journal Name JOURNAL OF IBERIAN AND LATIN AMERICAN RESEARCH
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81 Journal Article

Recentering the human in the continuums of in/mobility and in/security: Perceptions from two emblematic borders

Authors Anitta Kynsilehto, Angel Iglesias Ortiz
Year 2023
Journal Name Relaciones Internacionales
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82 Journal Article

Pervasive and UseR Focused BiomeTrics BordEr ProjeCT

Description
The goal of the PROTECT project is an enhanced biometric-based person identification system that works robustly across a range of border crossing types and that has strong user-centric features. The system will be deployed in Automated Border Control (ABC) areas supporting border guards to facilitate smooth and non-intrusive rapid crossing by travellers based on deployment of the next generation of biometric identification detection methods. The ability for the system to efficiently process low-risk travellers, combined with increased levels of accuracy, security and privacy standards and enabling border guards to concentrate resource on higher-risk travellers, are central ambitions of the project. To achieve these goals, a multi-biometric enrollment and verification system is envisaged, taking into account current and next-generation e-Passport chips, mobile equipment and person identification ‘on the move’. Research will be undertaken into optimization of currently deployed biometric modalities, application of emerging biometrics (including contactless finger vein, speaker recognition and angthropometrics), multi-modal biometrics and counter-spoofing, for border control scenarios. An integral part of the project is collection and dissemination of new border-realistic biometric datasets, and systematic evaluation of the developed biometric methods including vulnerability and privacy assessment. The PROTECT project is strongly user-driven and demonstration of the developed biometric system will be conducted at two different border crossing sites. Finally, the PROTECT project will make contributions to facilitating border crossing of bona-fide non-EU citizens as well as evolving standards in biometric systems.
Year 2016
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83 Project

Specific groups and individuals migrant workers : report : addendum

Authors Gabriela Rodríguez Pizarro, UN. Commission on Human Rights. Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants
Description
The Special Rapporteur's aim on her visit to Italy was to compile information on border control and security and the system for the administrative detention of undocumented immigrants, and to assess the impact of the recent reform of immigration legislation on policies for the integration of the immigrant population.
Year 2004
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84 Report

Gaps in Border Controls Are Related to Quarantine Alien Insect Invasions in Europe

Authors Steven James Bacon, Sven Bacher, Alexandre Aebi
Year 2012
Journal Name PLOS ONE
Citations (WoS) 50
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85 Journal Article

Dreaming of Seamless Borders: ICTs and the Pre-Emptive Governance of Mobility in Europe

Authors Dennis Broeders, James Hampshire
Year 2013
Journal Name Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
Citations (WoS) 25
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86 Journal Article

U.S. Border Enforcement and Mexican Immigrant Location Choice

Authors Sarah Bohn, Todd Pugatch
Year 2015
Journal Name Demography
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87 Journal Article

Death at the Border: Efficacy and Unintended Consequences of US Immigration Control Policy

Authors Wayne A. Cornelius
Year 2001
Journal Name Population and Development Review
Citations (WoS) 258
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88 Journal Article

European Global Border Environment

Description
The GLOBE project will provide a comprehensive framework in which an integrated global border management system must be developed. The project will take into account the current and future technological environment. Additionally, GLOBE’s scope reaches even further by looking into other key aspects of border management beyond isolated technology, such as the legal and political environment, the social and economic impact of border problems and, more specifically, the impact on information management and integration. The proposal has been built up on the conceptualisation of the end users needs. These needs are well known by the partners of the consortium due to the close relationship with these institutions through the hands-on experience that all companies have in the different border control areas. End users from several countries have participated in the conceptualization of the proposal to make sure it includes what they consider to be the most relevant issues in their areas of expertise. The GLOBE proposal has been prepared in such a way that as to cover the full scope of an integrated border management system, moving throughout the four main layers of border control (Country of origin, transit areas, regulated and unregulated border lines and internal territory). As a result, GLOBE will identify what already exists, what is being done, what needs to be improved, how to integrate all the information together and how to present it so it proves useful for all relevant EU and national institutions to make better decisions for dealing with issues of such importance as illegal immigration and movements of illegal goods and materials. GLOBE has been awarded the eSEC (Spanish Security and Trust Technological Platform) certification of integration within the Research Agenda established by the Spanish Electronics, Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries Association.
Year 2008
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89 Project

Forced migrations and Externalization of European Union Border Control: Serbia on the Balkan Migration Route

Authors Mirjana Bobic, Danica Santic
Year 2020
Journal Name INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
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90 Journal Article

Constructing Voluntarism: Technologies of ‘intent management’ in Australian Border Controls

Authors Sharon Pickering, Leanne Weber
Book Title New Border and Citizenship Politics
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91 Book Chapter

Everyday violence, structural racism and mistreatment at the US-Mexico border

Authors Samantha Sabo, SC Carvajal, Cecilia Rosales, ...
Year 2014
Journal Name Social Science & Medicine
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92 Journal Article

Canadian Policy on Human Trafficking: A Four-year Analysis1

Authors Jacqueline Oxman-Martinez, Jill Hanley, Fanny Gomez
Year 2005
Journal Name International Migration
Citations (WoS) 7
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93 Journal Article

Border policies and migrant deaths at the Turkish-Greek border

Authors Orcun Ulusoy, Orcun Ulusoy, Martin Baldwin-Edwards, ...
Year 2019
Journal Name New Perspectives on Turkey
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94 Journal Article

Scalable Measures for Automated Recognition Technologies

Description
Automated recognition of individuals and/or pre-determined traits or risk factors/criteria lies at the basis, indeed is the very raison d’être, of smart surveillance systems. Yet new EU regulations and specifically those on information sharing between police and security forces explicitly prohibit automated decision-taking regarding individuals unless “authorised by a law which also lays down measures to safeguard the data subject’s legitimate interests” (art 7, CFD 2008/977/JHA). Where are these laws, what can these measures be and what else should the laws contain? Can the laws be technology-neutral but sector specific, thus permitting a measured approach to the appropriateness of smart surveillance technologies in key security applications? Can they be extended to all security applications of smart surveillance, even those not covered by CFD 2008/977/JHA or the proposed directive set to replace it? This project (SMART) addresses these and other questions through a comprehensive approach which combines a technical review of key application areas by sector with a review of existing pertinent legislation to then produce a set of guidelines and a model law compliant with CFD 2008/977/JHA and EU Directive 46/95 and the proposed successor legislation. The project first focuses on one meaning of “measures” i.e. it uses expertise from police and security forces from inside and outside the EU to “measure” (as in “calculate”) risk factors in a number of priority application areas for smart surveillance technologies including border control, crowd-control, counter-terrorism and e-government. Bringing together some of Europe’s leading experts on data protection with senior police officers responsible for using surveillance in the most CCTV-intensive cities in the world, SMART evaluates the appropriateness and available safeguards for on-line surveillance and associated risks inherent in data-sharing and exchange. Having thus identified appropriate instances of application as well as a number of technical, procedural and legal options for safeguards, the project moves on to create a tool-kit which would be useful to system designers, policy makers and legislative draughtsmen across Europe (and hopefully beyond). At this stage the project turns to a second meaning of “measures” i.e. it would bring to bear significant EU-wide expertise in data protection legislation in order to prepare a draft model law which would contain a number of measures providing adequate safeguards for the data subject and thus rendering use of smart surveillance compliant with CFD 2008/977/JHA and its proposed successor and other applicable regulations.
Year 2011
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95 Project

Recommendations for Reliable Breeder Documents Restoring e-Passport Confidence and Leveraging Extended Border Security

Description
The project ORIGINS aims to study the security of the extended border and more particularily passport breeder document security. The underlying idea of ORIGINS is to improve the security and therefore to restore the confidence in the application process and issuance of e-passports, by filling the gaps in security of breeder documents. Indeed, while some assurance approaches have been implemented in a few countries, they remain insufficient to provide breeder documents in complete security and trustworthiness at a time when this is increasingly necessary. This project will therefore investigate exhaustively the current state of passport breeder documents requirements and issuing practices in Member States/Associated Countries. The identification of common security gaps will lead to the recommendation of possible solutions to overcome the security weaknesses in breeder documents. The project will provide support for issuance bodies and border control communities. It will also promote the standardisation of breeder documents by creating a dedicated working group at a European level. These objectives will be achieved through the establishment of a strong networking environment between key actors in the sector (passport breeder document and e-passport communities, border control community, ministries, industry, SMEs, universities, NGOs, the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council, …), exchange and dissemination of good practices between relevant communities, the definition and organisation of joint or common initiatives, meetings, conferences, events and with an appropriate management of the action. Broad communication and dissemination actions will be undertaken throughout the project lifecycle. At the same time, it is expected that ORIGINS’ results will continue to live beyond the end of the project, in particular via think-tank groups built during the project, standardisation groups and the implementation of ORIGINS’ recommendations.
Year 2014
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96 Project

European Governments’ Responses to the ‘Refugee Crisis’

Authors Dimitris Skleparis
Year 2017
Journal Name Southeastern Europe
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100 Journal Article
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