Legal regulations and traveller & migrant protection

State, private and civil society actors in migration infrastructures and their respective activities, programmes and services are regulated by either international or national law. This encompasses the conditions under which these actors operate, the services they are allowed to provide and the controls they have to conduct. Legal regulations also define the rights of the customers, i.e. travellers and migrants. Two relatively well-known regulations in the field of the aviation industry are advance passenger information schemes, and carrier sanctions. Advance passenger information schemes allow border control agencies to review passenger information prior to their boarding for commercial flights. Carrier sanctions are penalties given to transport companies in case of carrying improperly documented passengers which leads to a de facto prohibition for asylum seekers to travel to a safe country by airplane.

Showing page of 495 results, sorted by

Caught in the Crossfire: Challenges to Migrant Protection in the Yemeni and Libyan Conflicts

Authors Danielle Flanagan
Year 2020
Journal Name Journal on Migration and Human Security
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1 Journal Article

Legal regulation of combat against human trafficking in the Russian Federation

Authors Vadim VOINICOV
Description
Human trafficking is a social phenomenon characterized by high public danger. Individual states and international community develop a set of legal and organizational measures to combat it. For instance, in accordance with the UN Protocol on prevention and suppression of human trafficking, measures aimed at combat against human trafficking include criminalization of this deed; protection of crime victims; assistance in repatriation; encouragement of international cooperation etc. The legal system regulating the fight against human trafficking in the Russian Federation comprises various legal measures; however most of them are of general nature, i.e. focused not only on prevention of human trafficking, but also on combat against other illegal acts. The only special measure is criminalization of deeds associated with human trafficking and use of slave labor. Therefore, analysis of the Russian national legislation indicates that the main emphasis in the fight against human trafficking is made on the use of criminal law mechanisms.
Year 2013
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2 Report

Protection of Migrants' Human Rights: Principles and Practice

Authors Heikki S. Mattila
Year 2001
Journal Name International Migration
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4 Journal Article

Identifying Victims of Human Trafficking at Hotspots by Focusing on People Smuggled to Europe

Authors Matilde Ventrella
Year 2017
Journal Name Social Inclusion
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5 Journal Article

The Legal Framework of Trafficking and Smuggling in Germany: Victim Protection Emerging from Witness Protection?

Authors Katja S. Ziegler
Year 2018
Book Title Immigration and Criminal Law in the European Union
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6 Book Chapter

Carrier Sanctions in Europe: A Comparison of Trends in 10 Countries

Authors Theodore Baird
Year 2017
Journal Name European Journal of Migration and Law
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8 Journal Article

New Approaches to Asylum?

Authors Khalid Koser
Year 2001
Journal Name International Migration
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9 Journal Article

Le droit tunisien face à la traite de personnes et au trafic de migrants

Authors Souhayma BEN ACHOUR
Description
Le présent rapport a pour objet de décrire les solutions du droit tunisien en matière de traite de personnes et de trafic de migrants. Il tente de montrer qu’une différence importante existe entre les règles qui régissent le trafic de migrants et celles qui s’appliquent à la traite de personnes est à noter. En effet, un ensemble de facteurs permet d’expliquer l’importance et l’extrême sévérité de l’arsenal juridique que le droit tunisien comporte en matière de lutte contre le trafic de migrants : recrudescence incessante du phénomène des migrations clandestines à partir des côtes tunisiennes, pressions européennes et surtout italiennes importantes, engagements internationaux de la Tunisie… En revanche, la traite internationale de personnes ne fait pas l’objet d’une réglementation spécifique. Les autorités tunisiennes n’ont pas jugé nécessaire l’adoption de mesures supplémentaires à celles qui existent déjà au sein du droit tunisien. Plusieurs raisons pourraient expliquer le fait que la traite ne soit pas un phénomène très répandu en Tunisie : extrême sévérité dans le traitement des migrations clandestines, importance du quadrillage policier de la société, insuffisance de la protection juridique des étrangers,… Le droit tunisien comporte néanmoins un ensemble de règles qui condamnent la traite de personnes en soi, mais aussi les deux principaux phénomènes auxquels aboutit la traite des personnes : l’exploitation sexuelle et l’exploitation économique. La protection apportée par ces normes paraît cependant souvent insuffisante. La plupart des règles applicables relèvent du droit pénal. Mais d’autres branches du droit, comme le droit du travail, le droit administratif, les droits de l’homme ou encore la condition des étrangers régissent également les deux questions. Le présent rapport se divise en deux parties principales : une première partie expose les règles juridiques applicables aux auteurs de la traite des personnes et du trafic des migrants, et la seconde partie est relative à celles qui régissent ses victimes. Abstract This report sets out the solutions in Tunisian law against trafficking and smuggling. It attempts to show the important differences between rules applying to the smuggling of migrants and the rules applying to trafficking in persons. A series of factors explains the scope and the severity of the legal framework combating the smuggling of migrants: a continuous increase in clandestine migration from the Tunisian coasts, strong European and above all Italian pressure, international commitments… Strangely, there is no specific regulation against trafficking in persons. The Tunisian authorities have not found it necessary to adopt new rules here. Some reasons might explain why trafficking is not a widespread phenomenon in Tunisian: the severity of sanctions against clandestine migration, strict police control, insufficient protection of foreign nationals… Tunisian law does, however, contains rules which combat trafficking, including two phenomena connected to trafficking: economic exploitation and sexual exploitation. Nevertheless, the protection offered by these instruments does not seem sufficient. Most of the relevant rules are part of criminal law, but other domains of law, like labour law, administrative law, human-rights law and the status of foreign nationals also govern the two issues. The report is divided into two parts: the first part sets out the rules applying to persons charged with the felony of trafficking and smuggling, the second part presents the rules protecting victims.
Year 2011
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10 Report

Confronting the Rise of Trafficking of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon: Protection Challenges, Legal Barriers and Patterns of Vulnerability

Authors Yara Chehwane, Megan Denise Smith
Year 2017
Journal Name Oxford Monitor of Forced Migration
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11 Journal Article

Migration Control à la Khartoum: EU External Engagement and Human Rights Protection in the Horn of Africa

Authors Lutz Oette, Mohamed Abdelsalam Babiker
Year 2017
Journal Name Refugee Survey Quarterly
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12 Journal Article

Simulating a Multi-agency Approach for the Protection of Trafficked Persons in Migration and Displacement Settings

Authors Sarah Elliott, Megan Denise Smith
Year 2020
Journal Name Journal of Human Trafficking
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13 Journal Article

Smuggling of Rohingyas from Myanmar to Malaysia: A Threat to Human Security

Authors Andika Ab Wahab, Aizat Khairi
Year 2020
Journal Name AKADEMIKA
Citations (WoS) 6
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14 Journal Article

On the Way to a Better Future: Belgium as Transit Country for Trafficking and Smuggling of Unaccompanied Minors1

Authors Derluyn, E Broekaert
Year 2005
Journal Name International Migration
Citations (WoS) 23
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15 Journal Article

A socio-legal analysis of the Belgian protective legislation towards victims of aggravated forms of migrant smuggling

Authors Roxane de Massol de Rebetz, Maartje van der Woude
Year 2022
Journal Name CRIME LAW AND SOCIAL CHANGE
Citations (WoS) 2
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16 Journal Article

Protection of European seas and borders through the intelligent use of surveillance

Description
PERSEUS contributes to Europe’s efforts to monitor illegal migration and combat related crime and goods smuggling by proposing a large scale demonstration of a EU Maritime surveillance System of Systems, on the basis of existing national systems and platforms, enhancing them with innovative capabilities and moving beyond EUROSUR’s 2013 expectations, addressing key challenges:  supporting the network created by National Contact Centres, Frontex and EMSA through increased capabilities, including transnational exchange of useful and available information, and associated procedures and mechanisms, thereby supporting the creation of a common information sharing environment  generation of a common situational picture  improved detection and identification of non collaborative/suspicious small boats and low flying aircraft  enhanced and increasingly automated detection of abnormal vessel behaviours, identification of threats and tracking of reporting and non-reporting vessels PERSEUS articulates this demonstration through 5 exercises grouped in 2 campaigns, implementing missions of drug trafficking and illegal migration control and delivering surveillance continuity from coastal areas to high seas. PERSEUS delivers a comprehensive set of validated and demonstrated recommendations and proposes standards. PERSEUS has assembled major users and providers, ensuring privileged access to existing surveillance systems and assets for an optimised coverage of the area of interest. These users will define, assess and validate the alignment of PERSEUS’s recommendations to their needs. PERSEUS also includes an evolution mechanism to enlarge the user base and integrate emerging technologies during its lifetime. PERSEUS will augment the effectiveness of operational capabilities of the existing systems – a relevant and coordinated contribution to the establishment of an integrated European-wide maritime border control system
Year 2011
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19 Project

A Review of Human Trafficking Issues in Malaysia and Nigeria

Authors Sani S. Ibrahim, Adlina Ab Halim, Zatul Himmah Adnan
Year 2019
Journal Name PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
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20 Journal Article

Examining hidden coercion at state borders: why carrier sanctions cannot be justified

Authors Tendayi Bloom, Verena Risse
Year 2014
Journal Name Ethics & Global Politics
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23 Journal Article

Regulating Immigration Control: Carrier Sanctions in the Netherlands

Authors Sophie Scholten, Paul Minderhoud
Year 2008
Journal Name European Journal of Migration and Law
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25 Journal Article

Crouching Fox, Hidden Eagle: Drug trafficking and transnational security - A perspective from the Tijuana-San Diego border

Authors R Willoughby
Year 2003
Journal Name Crime, Law and Social Change
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26 Journal Article

Anti-Trafficking (ILL-)Efforts: The Legal Regulation of Women's Bodies and Relationships in Cambodia

Authors Clara Bradley, Natalia Szablewska
Year 2016
Journal Name Social & Legal Studies
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30 Journal Article

THE INSTITUTIONAL FUNCTION OF THE ECUADORIAN STATE TO PREVENT CHILD AND ADOLESCENT ABUSE

Authors Sandra Valentina Yepez Velazco, Carlos Javier Lizcano Chapeta, Teresa de Jesus Molina Gutierrez
Year 2020
Journal Name Immigrant Youth and Employment: Lessons Learned from the Analysis of LSIC and 82 Lived Stories
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31 Journal Article

French Criminal and Administrative Law Concerning Smuggling of Migrants and Trafficking in Human Beings: Punishing Trafficked People for Their Protection?

Authors Johanne Vernier
Year 2018
Book Title Immigration and Criminal Law in the European Union
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32 Book Chapter

The Santa Monica prison and illegal cocaine: a mutual relationship

Authors Stephanie Campos
Year 2016
Journal Name Crime, Law and Social Change
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34 Journal Article

Extrajudicial border enforcement against LGBTIQ+ asylum seekers

Authors Adriana Espinosa, Adriana Espinosa, Kathryn Hampton, ...
Year 2024
Journal Name Journal of Refugee Studies
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35 Journal Article

Human Rights of Migrants: Challenges of the New Decade

Authors Patrick A. Taran
Year 2001
Journal Name International Migration
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36 Journal Article

Canadian Policy on Human Trafficking: A Four-year Analysis1

Authors Jacqueline Oxman-Martinez, Jill Hanley, Fanny Gomez
Year 2005
Journal Name International Migration
Citations (WoS) 7
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37 Journal Article

The Trafficking of Migrant Workers: What are the Links Between Labour Trafficking and Corruption?

Authors Kathy Richards
Year 2004
Journal Name International Migration
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38 Journal Article

Valletta Summit on Migration: A Common Political Basis. Cooperation in Migration Between Africa and the European Union.

Authors International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD)
Year 2015
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39 Policy Brief

Another Brick in the Wall: Carrier Sanctions and the Privatization of Immigration Control

Authors T. Rodenhauser
Year 2014
Journal Name International Journal of Refugee Law
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40 Journal Article

SURROGATE MOTHERHOOD IN UKRAINE AND AROUND THE WORLD: LEGAL REGULATION & MANAGEMENT PRACTICE

Authors Sergii Dzholos, Oksana Koshulko
Year 2022
Journal Name MEST Journal
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52 Journal Article

New challenges in the problem of combating human trafficking in Ukraine

Authors Larysa Danylchuk, Danylo Yosyfovych, Yaroslav Kohut, ...
Year 2021
Journal Name AMAZONIA INVESTIGA
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63 Journal Article

People for Sale: The Need for a Multidisciplinary Approach towards Human Trafficking

Authors K Van Impe
Year 2000
Journal Name International Migration
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64 Journal Article

Immigration and Criminal Law in the European Union

Authors Paul Minderhoud, Elspeth Guild
Year 2018
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65 Book

RANGER: RAdars for loNG distance maritime surveillancE and SaR opeRations

Description
EU trade, transport, tourism and economic development are directly dependent on open and safe seas and oceans. EU's maritime borders are widely spread including various topologies from open sea to semi-enclosed cabins with islands and islets. This poses great challenges that affect securing maritime border areas. Failing to protect against a wide array of maritime threats and risks may result in these areas becoming arenas for international conflicts, terrorism or organized crime, where smuggling, irregular immigration and drug trafficking are the most common ones. RANGER aims at re-enforcing EU by combining innovative Radar technologies with novel technological solutions for early warning, in view of delivering a surveillance platform offering detection, recognition, identification and tracking of suspicious vessels, capabilities exceeding current radar systems. It will be a platform, consisting of 2 radar technologies, a novel Over-The-Horizon Radar combined with a Multiple Input Multiple Output one implemented exploiting the latest photonics advancements, and an Early Warning System exploiting deep and adaptable machine learning schemes able to Automatically detect radar Targets. It safeguards seamless fitting and interoperability with CISE (enhanced maritime surveillance and cross border SaR operations), through the development of a CISE translation Gateway, exporting on-demand CISE services directly to end-users, by strengthening the information exchange between national authorities and the European Agency. RANGER leverages the experience of its consortium, a balanced blend of technology providers, domain experts and end-users, delivering a cost efficient, environmental friendly solution, abiding to regulations and legislation for the protection of human lives. Two pilot exercises are foreseen to thoroughly assess RANGER’s ability to deliver on its promises, enhancing its potential to become a flagship platform for the European Maritime Surveillance industry.
Year 2016
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66 Project

Global traffic in illicit cultural objects: developing knowledge for improving interventions in a transnational criminal market

Description
The research seeks to push the boundaries of our understanding of, and social and legal responses to, trafficking in illicit cultural objects. The global market in illicit cultural objects is a structure of relatively rich consumers at one end of the supply chain (collectors, dealers, museums) and relatively poor looters at the other end, in source countries characterised by high levels of the 'natural resource' of cultural objects and low levels of policing resource to devote to their protection against looting (i.e. usually illegal excavation) and other forms of theft. While there has been some research into the market, compared to other international criminal markets such as the drugs trade, very little is known about the motives and activities of participants in the international trade in illicit cultural objects, their trading norms and routines, the pricing structures and criminal mark-ups, mechanisms of smuggling used in this market in order to avoid detection at customs and by other law enforcement agencies, etc. Even such apparently simple matters as the relative size of the criminal side of the antiquities trade are not currently known. Structures of international, and domestic national, law and regulation have been established in response to the moral concern the illicit trade raises, rather than being based on an evidence-oriented investigation of the practical elements of the trade mentioned. While some of these regulatory efforts have had modest success, for the most part they have been a failure in stopping the illicit trade, which continues today. This research proposal establishes a multi-method and multi-sited programme of research which aims to gather and analyse all available evidence on the trade, produce new measures of size and illicit activity using innovative methodological approaches and new data sources, and conduct ethnographic research into the illicit trade. All these data sources will be used to devise best practice in regulation.
Year 2012
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67 Project

Protection of victims of human trafficking in the Jordanian law: A comparative study with the UK Modern Slavery Act 2015

Authors Shatha Ahmad Al-Assaf
Year 2021
Journal Name COGENT SOCIAL SCIENCES
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69 Journal Article

Human Smuggling, National Security, and Refugee Protection

Authors A. Nadig
Year 2002
Journal Name Journal of Refugee Studies
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70 Journal Article

Biopolitical Management, Economic Calculation and “Trafficked Women”

Authors Jacqueline Berman
Year 2010
Journal Name International Migration
Citations (WoS) 17
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71 Journal Article

Illegal circulation of digital currencies: features of criminal investigation

Authors Lydiya Voskobitova, Tatyana Vilkova, Sergey Nasonov, ...
Year 2021
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73 Journal Article

State Responses and Migrant Experiences with Human Smuggling: A Reality Check

Authors Ilse van Liempt, Stephanie Sersli
Year 2013
Journal Name Antipode
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75 Journal Article

Refugee Protections from Below: Smuggling in the Eritrea-Ethiopia Context

Authors Tekalign Ayalew Mengiste
Year 2018
Journal Name The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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76 Journal Article

The Borders Beyond the Border: Australia’s Extraterritorial Migration Controls

Authors Asher Lazarus Hirsch
Year 2017
Journal Name Refugee Survey Quarterly
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78 Journal Article

Assistance and protection for victims of human trafficking in Romania

Authors Adriana Ferdean
Year 2008
Journal Name REVISTA DE CERCETARE SI INTERVENTIE SOCIALA
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80 Journal Article

Protecting Trafficked Persons through Refugee Protection

Authors Jean-Pierre Gauci
Year 2022
Citations (WoS) 2
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81 Journal Article

Rights, protection and assistance of human trafficking victims. Legal and psychosocial perspectives

Authors Anamaria Simon
Year 2008
Journal Name REVISTA DE CERCETARE SI INTERVENTIE SOCIALA
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82 Journal Article

Social support and rights protection of disabled women in anti-trafficking in China

Authors Yue Zhao, Huixian Fu
Year 2024
Citations (WoS) 2
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84 Journal Article

The Locus of Persecution Reconsidered: Risk of Re-Trafficking, Cumulative Harm, and Failure of State Protection

Authors Maja Grundler
Year 2023
Journal Name International Journal of Refugee Law
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87 Journal Article

A study of the communication channels used by migrants and asylum seekers in Italy, with a particular focus on online and social media

Authors Gabriella SANCHEZ, Rezart HOXHAJ, Sabrina NARDIN, ...
Description
The present study provides a comprehensive analysis of the information and communication channels that migrants use upon their arrival in Italy, and which may help determine their secondary movements. The pages that follow present findings drawn from surveys and interviews and focus groups carried out in Italy with 686 migrants (including irregular migrants, asylum seekers, and migrants who qualified for refugee status, humanitarian protection or subsidiary protection) during the second half of 2017. These findings are followed by recommendations involving the development of more effective mechanisms for migration information dissemination and for awareness-raising campaigns for migrants within the context of the EU’s Action Plan against Migrant Smuggling.
Year 2018
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88 Report

No ‘Magic Bullets’: Children, Young People, Trafficking and Child Protection in the UK

Authors Patricia Hynes
Year 2015
Journal Name International Migration
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89 Journal Article

Understanding and Pursuing Labor Trafficking Cases Collaboratively

Authors Derek J. Marsh
Year 2023
Journal Name Societies
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92 Journal Article

Identifying trafficked migrants and refugees along the Balkan route. Exploring the boundaries of exploitation, vulnerability and risk

Authors Anette Brunovskis, Rebecca Surtees
Year 2019
Journal Name Crime, Law and Social Change
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93 Journal Article

"3P" Anti-trafficking Policy Index

Description
The index evaluates policy efforts against human trafficking in the three prime areas of prosecution, protection and prevention (3Ps) worldwide.
Year 2000
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95 Data Set

Trafficking and Slavery in Australia: An Evaluation of Victim Support Strategies

Authors Jennifer Burn, Frances Simmons
Year 2006
Journal Name Asian and Pacific Migration Journal
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96 Journal Article

Legal Regulation of the Migration Processes in the Russian Federation

Authors Lidyia Dadunovna Burinova, Artur Mikhailovich Burinov, Elza Vladimirovna Dorzhi-Goryaeva, ...
Year 2018
Journal Name TARIH KULTUR VE SANAT ARASTIRMALARI DERGISI-JOURNAL OF HISTORY CULTURE AND ART RESEARCH
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97 Journal Article

'Lost in Translation': Assessment of the (Non)-Implementation of the Trafficking Directive from a Gender Perspective in Spain

Authors Gema Fernandez Rodriguez de Lievana, Viviana Waisman
Year 2017
Journal Name Journal of Human Rights Practice
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98 Journal Article

Trafficking and labour exploitation in domestic work and the agricultural sector in Italy

Authors Letizia PALUMBO
Description
In Italy, as in many European countries, agriculture and domestic work are sectors characterised by high levels of irregular work without contract and with no respect of minimum pay, humane living conditions or access to basic services. Generalised informality however sometimes leads to cases of sever exploitation and outright human trafficking. This report focuses on the conditions that can lead from irregular work to abuse and trafficking in agriculture and domestic work – we question the cultural and economic aspects that make such situations possible. We also review the relevant legislation punishing exploiters and protecting victims with a view of identifying existing gaps and make suggestions for improvement. Indeed while the Italian legal framework is particularly progressive as regards the assistance and protection of victims of trafficking and severe exploitation, related legal practices and implementation of policies on the ground suffer from several shortcomings. For instance, the implementation of Article 18 of Legislative Decree No. 286/1998, which provides victims of exploitation and trafficking with special protection and assistance as well as with a residence permit for humanitarian reasons, has been arbitrary and inconsistent throughout the country, especially in cases of labour exploitation. In addition, Italy has inadequately transposed into national law Directive 2011/36/EU on trafficking and lacks a comprehensive law on labour exploitation. In recent years anti-trafficking interventions have not been a priority and programmes for assistance of victims of trafficking and severe exploitation have been under-funded. There is no effective system of data collection on the victims participating in these programmes; the national plan against trafficking has been adopted only recently (February 2016) after a severe delay of more than one year with respect to the established deadline; there is a lack of structured campaigns against trafficking and serious exploitation. This report stresses the need for an integrated and comprehensive approach to trafficking and labour exploitation in agriculture and domestic work and makes specific recommendations for each of the two sectors.
Year 2016
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99 Report

Curbing sex trafficking in Turkey: The policy–practice divide

Authors Emel Coskun
Year 2015
Journal Name Asian and Pacific Migration Journal
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100 Journal Article
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